Test101a - Revision history

Snow: /* Terms and definitions */

2009-09-29T00:57:22Z

‎Terms and definitions

Snow: /* ATM Classes of Services */

2009-09-29T00:56:12Z

‎ATM Classes of Services

Snow: /* ATM Classes of Services */

2009-09-29T00:55:41Z

‎ATM Classes of Services

Snow: /* ATM Classes of Services */

2009-09-29T00:55:30Z

‎ATM Classes of Services

Snow: /* What is ATM? */

2009-09-29T00:54:54Z

‎What is ATM?

Snow: /* OAM - Operations, Administration, and Maintenance */

2009-09-29T00:54:26Z

‎OAM - Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

Snow: /* OAM - Operations, Administration, and Maintenance */

2009-09-29T00:54:14Z

‎OAM - Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

Snow: /* OAM - Operations, Administration, and Maintenance */

2009-09-29T00:53:01Z

‎OAM - Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

Snow: /* ATM Networking Standards */

2009-09-29T00:51:47Z

‎ATM Networking Standards

Snow: /* ATM Networking Standards */

2009-09-29T00:51:21Z

‎ATM Networking Standards

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 {| class="anhsmalltable sortable"
 |-
-|align="center"|VC||Virtual Channel||This is an end-to-end virtual connection between two applications or services.  All traffic between end applications or services occurs at the Virtual Channel level.  The Virtual Channel is a series of Virtual Channel Links (identified by Virtual Channel Identifiers) that, together, form a Virtual Channel Connection (or just a Virtual Channel).
+|width="50px" align="center"|VC||width="140px" align="center"|Virtual Channel||This is an end-to-end virtual connection between two applications or services.  All traffic between end applications or services occurs at the Virtual Channel level.  The Virtual Channel is a series of Virtual Channel Links (identified by Virtual Channel Identifiers) that, together, form a Virtual Channel Connection (or just a Virtual Channel).
 |-
 |align="center"|VP||Virtual Path||This is a virtual connection that consists of a group of one or more Virtual Channels with some common characteristic.  The Virtual Path is a series of Virtual Path Links (identified by Virtual Path Identifiers) that, together, form a Virtual Path Connection (or just a Virtual Path).

@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 |width="90px"|Service Class||Quality of Service Parameter
 |-
-||AAL 1||This class is used for emulating circuit switching. The cell rate is constant with time. CBR applications are quite sensitive to cell-delay variation. Examples of applications that can use CBR are voice traffic (i.e., nx64 kbps), videoconferencing, and television.
+|align="center"|AAL 1||This class is used for emulating circuit switching. The cell rate is constant with time. CBR applications are quite sensitive to cell-delay variation. Examples of applications that can use CBR are voice traffic (i.e., nx64 kbps), videoconferencing, and television.
 AAL 1 supports traffic that is critically impaired by time delays in transmission
 |-
-||AAL 3,4,5||This class allows users to send traffic at a rate that varies with time depending on the availability of user information. Statistical multiplexing is provided to make optimum use of network resources. Multimedia e-mail is an example of VBR–NRT.
+|align="center"|AAL 3,4,5||This class allows users to send traffic at a rate that varies with time depending on the availability of user information. Statistical multiplexing is provided to make optimum use of network resources. Multimedia e-mail is an example of VBR–NRT.
 |-
-||AAL 3||and AAL 4 are combined to provide support for connectionless VBR traffic such as frame relay applications.
+|align="center"|AAL 3||and AAL 4 are combined to provide support for connectionless VBR traffic such as frame relay applications.
 |-
-||AAL 5||traffic requires sequencing and minimum error correction.
+|align="center"|AAL 5||traffic requires sequencing and minimum error correction.
 variable bit rate–real time (VBR–RT)
 |-
-||AAL 2||This class is similar to VBR–NRT but is designed for applications that are sensitive to cell-delay variation. Examples for real-time VBR are voice with speech activity detection (SAD) and interactive compressed video.
+|align="center"|AAL 2||This class is similar to VBR–NRT but is designed for applications that are sensitive to cell-delay variation. Examples for real-time VBR are voice with speech activity detection (SAD) and interactive compressed video.
 available bit rate (ABR)
 |-
-||AAL 5||This class of ATM services provides rate-based flow control and is aimed at data traffic such as file transfer and e-mail. Although the standard does not require the cell transfer delay and cell-loss ratio to be guaranteed or minimized, it is desirable for switches to minimize delay and loss as much as possible. Depending upon the state of congestion in the network, the source is required to control its rate. The users are allowed to declare a minimum cell rate, which is guaranteed to the connection by the network.
+|align="center"|AAL 5||This class of ATM services provides rate-based flow control and is aimed at data traffic such as file transfer and e-mail. Although the standard does not require the cell transfer delay and cell-loss ratio to be guaranteed or minimized, it is desirable for switches to minimize delay and loss as much as possible. Depending upon the state of congestion in the network, the source is required to control its rate. The users are allowed to declare a minimum cell rate, which is guaranteed to the connection by the network.
 unspecified bit rate (UBR)
 |-
-||AAL 5||This class is the catch-all, other class and is widely used today for TCP/IP.
+|align="center"|AAL 5||This class is the catch-all, other class and is widely used today for TCP/IP.
 |}

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 {| class="anhsmalltable sortable"
 |-
-|width="110px"|Service Class||Quality of Service Parameter
+|width="90px"|Service Class||Quality of Service Parameter
 |-
 ||AAL 1||This class is used for emulating circuit switching. The cell rate is constant with time. CBR applications are quite sensitive to cell-delay variation. Examples of applications that can use CBR are voice traffic (i.e., nx64 kbps), videoconferencing, and television.

@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 {| class="anhsmalltable sortable"
 |-
-||Service Class||Quality of Service Parameter
+|width="110px"|Service Class||Quality of Service Parameter
 |-
 ||AAL 1||This class is used for emulating circuit switching. The cell rate is constant with time. CBR applications are quite sensitive to cell-delay variation. Examples of applications that can use CBR are voice traffic (i.e., nx64 kbps), videoconferencing, and television.

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 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a high-performance, cell-oriented switching and multiplexing technology that utilizes fixed-length cells to carry different types of traffic (i.e. voice, data and video). It provides an equitable, controllable mechanism to statistically share the bandwidth provided by the underlying infrastructure The demand from the market for a high speed network that can carry a mix of media streams has been the key driver behind the continuously evolving ATM standards. The ATM Forum established in 1991is an international voluntary organization composed of vendors service providers, research organizations and users (i.e.Cisco, Sprint, Nortel, and Network Equipment and Technologies). Its purpose is to accelerate the use of ATM products and services through the rapid convergence of interoperability specifications, promotion of industry cooperation, and other activities.
 ATM is also a capability that can be offered as an end-user service by service providers (as a basis for tariffed services) or as a networking infrastructure for these and other services. The most basic service building block is the ATM virtual circuit, which is an end-to-end connection that has defined end points and routes but does not have bandwidth dedicated to it. Bandwidth is allocated on demand by the network as users have traffic to transmit. ATM also defines various classes of service to meet a broad range of application needs (nrtVBR,rtVBR,UBR,ABR,CBR and GFR-Guarantee frame rate).
-−
 ==Benefits of ATM==

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 |-
 |align="center"|Passport Trace cells||These are proprietary Nortel Passport OAM cells that function similarly to TCP/IP’s traceroute command. All reachable connection points within an ATM segment respond back to the originator of the cells; a list of all reachable connection points is generated.
-|)
+|}

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 ||Type||Description
 |-
-||Loopback cells||Generation of these cells is optional.  Loopback cells travel across a VC segment or between VC end points and verify the VC has no faults along its path. If loopback cells do not return to the originator, the VC is marked inactive until loopback cell flow is restored.
+|align="center" width="120px"|Loopback cells||Generation of these cells is optional.  Loopback cells travel across a VC segment or between VC end points and verify the VC has no faults along its path. If loopback cells do not return to the originator, the VC is marked inactive until loopback cell flow is restored.
 |-
-||AIS and RDI cells||Alarm Indication Signal and Remote Defect Indication. These OAM cells signal upstream and downstream equipment of a fault along the VCs path.
+|align="center"|AIS and RDI cells||Alarm Indication Signal and Remote Defect Indication. These OAM cells signal upstream and downstream equipment of a fault along the VCs path.
 |-
-||Passport Trace cells||These are proprietary Nortel Passport OAM cells that function similarly to TCP/IP’s traceroute command. All reachable connection points within an ATM segment respond back to the originator of the cells; a list of all reachable connection points is generated.
+|align="center"|Passport Trace cells||These are proprietary Nortel Passport OAM cells that function similarly to TCP/IP’s traceroute command. All reachable connection points within an ATM segment respond back to the originator of the cells; a list of all reachable connection points is generated.
 |)

@@ Line 322: / Line 322: @@
 Three types of OAM cells are:
-Loopback cells - Generation of these cells is optional.  Loopback cells travel across a VC segment or between VC end points and verify the VC has no faults along its path. If loopback cells do not return to the originator, the VC is marked inactive until loopback cell flow is restored.
+{| class="anhsmalltable sortable"
+|-
-AIS and RDI cells - Alarm Indication Signal and Remote Defect Indication. These OAM cells signal upstream and downstream equipment of a fault along the VCs path.
+||Type||Description
+|-
-Passport Trace cells. These are proprietary Nortel Passport OAM cells that function similarly to TCP/IP’s traceroute command. All reachable connection points within an ATM segment respond back to the originator of the cells; a list of all reachable connection points is generated.
+||Loopback cells||Generation of these cells is optional.  Loopback cells travel across a VC segment or between VC end points and verify the VC has no faults along its path. If loopback cells do not return to the originator, the VC is marked inactive until loopback cell flow is restored.

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 {| class="anhsmalltable sortable"
 |-
 ||P-NNI||Private Network to Network Interface||This is an interswitch protocol that supports dynamic routing and addressing and is intended for use between switches belonging to the same network. Switches in a P-NNI network can be configured into a hierarchy which allows P-NNI networks to efficiently grow to very large sizes. P-NNI provides two types of protocols:<br>-Routing protocol is used for the exchange of network topology information<br>-Signaling protocol is used between switches during connection establishment